diff --git a/apps/api/src/routes/classroom.ts b/apps/api/src/routes/classroom.ts
index a7bceff..ad81606 100644
--- a/apps/api/src/routes/classroom.ts
+++ b/apps/api/src/routes/classroom.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import {
+  isSqlProblem,
   classComparisonRequestSchema,
   STUDENT_ROLES,
   classLessonRequestSchema,
@@ -929,7 +930,7 @@ classroomRoutes.put("/classroom/lesson", requireTeacher, async (c) => {
   // SQL 题除外：它只收 SQL，C 的作业里夹一道也不会让人选错语言，计数那边也放行了 SQL
   if (language) {
     const unsupported = found
-      .filter((row) => !row.languages.includes(language) && !row.languages.includes("SQL"))
+      .filter((row) => !row.languages.includes(language) && !isSqlProblem(row))
       .map((row) => row.displayId)
     if (unsupported.length) {
       return failure(
diff --git a/apps/api/src/routes/contest.ts b/apps/api/src/routes/contest.ts
index 4d15a17..300fffc 100644
--- a/apps/api/src/routes/contest.ts
+++ b/apps/api/src/routes/contest.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import {
+  isSqlProblem,
   contestPasswordRequestSchema,
   STUDENT_ROLES,
   type Contest,
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ contestRoutes.get(
             allowFlowchart: problem.allowFlowchart,
             showFlowchart: problem.showFlowchart,
             hasAstRules: problem.astRules !== null,
-            isSql: problem.languages.includes("SQL"),
+            isSql: isSqlProblem(problem),
             myStatus: myStatusOf(statuses, problem.id),
             // 按人数是公开题库列表的列；比赛题表看的是榜单，不下发
             solvedUsers: 0,
diff --git a/apps/api/src/routes/problem.ts b/apps/api/src/routes/problem.ts
index 696e424..822eedd 100644
--- a/apps/api/src/routes/problem.ts
+++ b/apps/api/src/routes/problem.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import {
+  isSqlProblem,
   normalizeLanguage,
   problemListSortSchema,
   problemTypeFilterSchema,
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ function listItem(
     allowFlowchart: row.problem.allowFlowchart,
     showFlowchart: row.problem.showFlowchart,
     hasAstRules: row.problem.astRules !== null,
-    isSql: row.problem.languages.includes("SQL"),
+    isSql: isSqlProblem(row.problem),
     // 流程图评到 A / S 也打勾：problemStates 已经把它算进 solved
     myStatus: states?.solved.has(id)
       ? JudgeStatus.ACCEPTED
diff --git a/apps/web/src/admin/problem/components/SQLTestcaseEditor.vue b/apps/web/src/admin/problem/components/SQLTestcaseEditor.vue
deleted file mode 100644
index 91e5531..0000000
--- a/apps/web/src/admin/problem/components/SQLTestcaseEditor.vue
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,352 +0,0 @@
-<script setup lang="ts">
-import { errorCode, isApiError } from "utils/api"
-import type { LANGUAGE, SqlDisplay, Testcase } from "utils/types"
-import { createZipBlob } from "utils/functions"
-import SQLDataTable from "oj/problem/components/SQLDataTable.vue"
-import {
-  generateSQLTestcase,
-  getSQLTestcaseScripts,
-  previewSQLTestcase,
-  uploadTestcases,
-} from "../../api"
-
-interface ScriptEntry {
-  id: number
-  sql: string
-  display: SqlDisplay | null
-  error: string
-  // 标准答案或题型改过之后，旧预览结果作废，需重新预览才能上传
-  stale: boolean
-}
-
-interface Props {
-  answers: { language: LANGUAGE; code: string }[]
-  mode: "query" | "modify"
-  problemId?: number
-}
-
-const props = defineProps<Props>()
-const emit = defineEmits<{
-  uploaded: [testCaseId: string, testCaseScore: Testcase[]]
-}>()
-
-const message = useMessage()
-
-let nextId = 0
-function blankEntry(): ScriptEntry {
-  return { id: nextId++, sql: "", display: null, error: "", stale: false }
-}
-
-const scripts = ref<ScriptEntry[]>([blankEntry(), blankEntry(), blankEntry()])
-
-const refSQL = computed(
-  () => props.answers.find((a) => a.language === "SQL" && a.code.trim())?.code ?? "",
-)
-
-/** 已有脚本读取失败时的提示。空白编辑器和「本来就没测试点」长得一样，必须区分开 */
-const loadError = ref("")
-const isPreviewing = ref(false)
-const isUploading = ref(false)
-const isGenerating = ref(false)
-
-const hasAnyScript = computed(() => scripts.value.some((s) => s.sql.trim()))
-const hasBlankScript = computed(() => scripts.value.some((s) => !s.sql.trim()))
-
-const filledCount = computed(() => scripts.value.filter((s) => s.sql.trim()).length)
-
-const canUpload = computed(() => {
-  const filled = scripts.value.filter((s) => s.sql.trim())
-  return (
-    !isPreviewing.value &&
-    // 至少 2 个数据不同的测试点，防止学生对照题目页的期望结果硬编码
-    filled.length >= 2 &&
-    filled.every((s) => s.display && !s.error && !s.stale)
-  )
-})
-
-watch([refSQL, () => props.mode], () => {
-  for (const s of scripts.value) {
-    if (s.display || s.error) s.stale = true
-  }
-})
-
-// 编辑已有 SQL 题时回显已上传的脚本；新题或旧格式测试点则保持空白
-onMounted(async () => {
-  if (!props.problemId) return
-  try {
-    const res = await getSQLTestcaseScripts(props.problemId)
-    if (res.length) {
-      scripts.value = res.map((f) => ({ ...blankEntry(), sql: f.content }))
-    }
-  } catch (err) {
-    // 新题、以及旧格式（非 SQL）测试点，后端回 404/409，保持空白就是对的，不该报错。
-    // 但**其它**失败必须说出来：读不出来时编辑器长得和「这题本来就没测试点」一模一样，
-    // 教师看不出区别，会以为要自己重新填。保存本身是安全的（后端读不到测试点信息会拒绝
-    // 整个保存），所以这里只提示、不阻塞。
-    const code = errorCode(err)
-    if (code && code !== "problem-not-found" && code !== "not-sql-test-case") {
-      // 后端那句话（如"测试点信息读取失败"）只说了现象，教师需要的是「下面是空的、别存」
-      const detail = isApiError(err) && err.data ? `（${err.data}）` : ""
-      loadError.value =
-        `已有测试点脚本没能读出来${detail}。下方是空白模板，不是本题真实的测试点 —— ` +
-        `直接保存不会丢数据（后端会拒绝），但也不会生效。请先排查测试点文件，或重新上传。`
-    }
-  }
-})
-
-function add() {
-  scripts.value.push(blankEntry())
-}
-
-function remove(index: number) {
-  scripts.value.splice(index, 1)
-}
-
-function reset() {
-  scripts.value = [blankEntry(), blankEntry(), blankEntry()]
-}
-
-function expectedQuery(d: SqlDisplay) {
-  return "columns" in d.expected ? d.expected : null
-}
-
-function changedTables(d: SqlDisplay) {
-  return "changed_tables" in d.expected ? d.expected.changed_tables : []
-}
-
-async function generate() {
-  const blanks = scripts.value.filter((s) => !s.sql.trim())
-  if (!blanks.length) return
-  isGenerating.value = true
-  await Promise.all(
-    blanks.map(async (s) => {
-      try {
-        const res = await generateSQLTestcase({
-          refSql: refSQL.value,
-          mode: props.mode,
-        })
-        s.sql = res.sql
-      } catch (err) {
-        const data = (err as { data?: unknown })?.data
-        message.error(typeof data === "string" ? data : "AI 生成失败")
-      }
-    }),
-  )
-  isGenerating.value = false
-  await preview()
-}
-
-async function preview() {
-  // 丢弃空脚本
-  scripts.value = scripts.value.filter((s) => s.sql.trim())
-  if (!scripts.value.length) {
-    scripts.value = [blankEntry()]
-    return
-  }
-  isPreviewing.value = true
-  await Promise.all(
-    scripts.value.map(async (s) => {
-      s.display = null
-      s.error = ""
-      s.stale = false
-      try {
-        const res = await previewSQLTestcase({
-          initSql: s.sql,
-          refSql: refSQL.value,
-          mode: props.mode,
-        })
-        s.display = res
-      } catch (err) {
-        const data = (err as { data?: unknown })?.data
-        s.error = typeof data === "string" ? data : "预览失败"
-      }
-    }),
-  )
-  isPreviewing.value = false
-}
-
-async function upload() {
-  isUploading.value = true
-  try {
-    const data = scripts.value
-      .filter((s) => s.sql.trim())
-      .map((s, i) => ({
-        name: `${i + 1}.sql`,
-        content: s.sql,
-      }))
-    const blob = createZipBlob(data)
-    const file = new File([blob], "testcase.zip", { type: "application/zip" })
-
-    const res = await uploadTestcases(file, { sql: true })
-    // score 不在上传响应里，是这里按测试点数量平分补上的（余数给最后一个）
-    const entries = res.info
-    const baseScore = Math.floor(100 / entries.length)
-    const remainder = 100 - baseScore * entries.length
-    // 只留落库的三个键：上传响应里的 stripped_output_md5 / input_size /
-    // output_size 保存时会被剥掉，见契约 problemTestCaseScoreSchema
-    const testcases: Testcase[] = entries.map((entry, i) => ({
-      input_name: entry.input_name,
-      output_name: entry.output_name,
-      score: i === entries.length - 1 ? baseScore + remainder : baseScore,
-    }))
-
-    emit("uploaded", res.id, testcases)
-    message.success("上传成功")
-  } catch {
-    message.error("上传失败")
-  } finally {
-    isUploading.value = false
-  }
-}
-</script>
-
-<template>
-  <n-flex vertical>
-    <n-alert v-if="!refSQL" type="warning" :show-icon="false" style="margin-bottom: 8px">
-      还没有填写 SQL 标准答案，请先在上方"本题参考答案"中填写，再来编写测试点
-    </n-alert>
-    <n-alert v-if="loadError" type="error" :show-icon="false" style="margin-bottom: 8px">
-      {{ loadError }}
-    </n-alert>
-    <n-flex align="center" wrap>
-      <n-button :disabled="isPreviewing || isGenerating" @click="reset"> 清空 </n-button>
-      <n-button :disabled="isPreviewing || isGenerating" @click="add"> +1 </n-button>
-      <n-tooltip :disabled="!!refSQL && hasBlankScript">
-        <template #trigger>
-          <span>
-            <n-button
-              :loading="isGenerating"
-              :disabled="!refSQL || !hasBlankScript || isPreviewing"
-              @click="generate"
-            >
-              AI 生成
-            </n-button>
-          </span>
-        </template>
-        {{ !refSQL ? "请先填写 SQL 标准答案" : "所有脚本都写好了，无需生成" }}
-      </n-tooltip>
-      <n-tooltip :disabled="!!refSQL && hasAnyScript">
-        <template #trigger>
-          <span>
-            <n-button
-              type="success"
-              :loading="isPreviewing"
-              :disabled="!refSQL || !hasAnyScript || isGenerating"
-              @click="preview"
-            >
-              预览验证
-            </n-button>
-          </span>
-        </template>
-        {{ !refSQL ? "请先填写 SQL 标准答案" : "请先填写数据脚本" }}
-      </n-tooltip>
-      <n-tooltip :disabled="canUpload || isPreviewing">
-        <template #trigger>
-          <span>
-            <n-button
-              type="primary"
-              :loading="isUploading"
-              :disabled="!canUpload || isGenerating"
-              @click="upload"
-            >
-              上传
-            </n-button>
-          </span>
-        </template>
-        {{
-          filledCount < 2
-            ? "SQL 题至少需要 2 个数据不同的测试点，防止硬编码期望结果"
-            : "所有脚本预览验证通过后才能上传"
-        }}
-      </n-tooltip>
-    </n-flex>
-
-    <div v-for="(s, index) in scripts" :key="s.id" class="scriptBox">
-      <n-flex justify="space-between" align="center">
-        <strong>{{ index + 1 }}.sql</strong>
-        <n-button
-          size="small"
-          :disabled="scripts.length === 1 || isPreviewing || isGenerating"
-          @click="remove(index)"
-        >
-          删除
-        </n-button>
-      </n-flex>
-      <n-input
-        type="textarea"
-        v-model:value="s.sql"
-        :rows="8"
-        placeholder="-- 本测试点的建表 + 插入数据脚本
-CREATE TABLE ...;
-INSERT INTO ...;"
-        :status="s.error ? 'error' : s.display && !s.stale ? 'success' : undefined"
-      />
-      <n-alert v-if="s.error" type="error" :show-icon="false">
-        {{ s.error }}
-      </n-alert>
-      <template v-if="s.display">
-        <n-alert v-if="s.stale" type="warning" :show-icon="false">
-          标准答案或题型已修改，以下预览已过期，请重新预览
-        </n-alert>
-        <div :class="{ stalePreview: s.stale }">
-          <p class="previewTitle">数据表</p>
-          <div v-for="t in s.display.tables" :key="t.name">
-            <p class="sqlTableName">{{ t.name }}</p>
-            <SQLDataTable
-              :columns="t.columns"
-              :rows="t.rows"
-              :total-rows="t.total_rows"
-              :truncated="t.truncated"
-            />
-          </div>
-          <p class="previewTitle">期望结果</p>
-          <SQLDataTable
-            v-if="expectedQuery(s.display)"
-            :columns="expectedQuery(s.display)!.columns"
-            :rows="expectedQuery(s.display)!.rows"
-            :total-rows="expectedQuery(s.display)!.total_rows"
-            :truncated="expectedQuery(s.display)!.truncated"
-          />
-          <div v-for="t in changedTables(s.display)" :key="t.name">
-            <p class="sqlTableName">
-              {{ t.dropped ? `${t.name} 表已被删除` : `执行后的 ${t.name} 表` }}
-            </p>
-            <SQLDataTable
-              v-if="!t.dropped"
-              :columns="t.columns"
-              :rows="t.rows"
-              :total-rows="t.total_rows"
-              :truncated="t.truncated"
-            />
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </template>
-    </div>
-  </n-flex>
-</template>
-
-<style scoped>
-.scriptBox {
-  border: 1px solid var(--n-border-color, rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.2));
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  padding: 12px;
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 8px;
-}
-
-.previewTitle {
-  font-weight: bold;
-  margin: 4px 0;
-}
-
-.sqlTableName {
-  font-weight: 500;
-  margin: 4px 0;
-  opacity: 0.85;
-}
-
-.stalePreview {
-  opacity: 0.45;
-}
-</style>
diff --git a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/ProblemContent.vue b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/ProblemContent.vue
index 4ff4666..3c93429 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/ProblemContent.vue
+++ b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/ProblemContent.vue
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { isSqlProblem } from "@oj2/contract"
 import { useThemeVars } from "naive-ui"
 import { storeToRefs } from "pinia"
 import { useProblemStore } from "oj/store/problem"
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ import { useSubmissionStore } from "oj/store/submission"
 import { useDark } from "@vueuse/core"
 import { MdPreview } from "md-editor-v3"
 import "md-editor-v3/lib/preview.css"
-import SQLDataTable from "./SQLDataTable.vue"
+import SqlProblemData from "./SqlProblemData.vue"
 import SimilarProblems from "./SimilarProblems.vue"
 import { isFlowchartPass, useFlowchartStore } from "oj/store/flowchart"
 import { useMyFlowchartStore } from "shared/store/myFlowchart"
@@ -25,16 +26,7 @@ const { problem } = storeToRefs(problemStore)
 const ctx = useProblemPageContext()
 
 // SQL 题：隐藏输入/输出/例子，改为渲染数据表与期望结果
-const isSQL = computed(() => !!problem.value?.sqlConfig)
-const sqlDisplay = computed(() => problem.value?.sqlDisplay ?? null)
-const sqlExpectedQuery = computed(() => {
-  const exp = sqlDisplay.value?.expected
-  return exp && "columns" in exp ? exp : null
-})
-const sqlChangedTables = computed(() => {
-  const exp = sqlDisplay.value?.expected
-  return exp && "changed_tables" in exp ? exp.changed_tables : []
-})
+const isSQL = computed(() => !!problem.value && isSqlProblem(problem.value))
 
 // 相似题推荐：做对了、或者错了 3 次以上才给（比赛、题单里不给，见 problemPageContext）
 const showSimilar = computed(
@@ -317,41 +309,15 @@ const astRequirements = computed(() => Object.entries(problem.value?.astRequirem
       </section>
     </template>
 
-    <template v-if="isSQL && sqlDisplay">
-      <h3 class="title sql-title">数据表</h3>
-      <div v-for="t in sqlDisplay.tables" :key="t.name">
-        <p class="sqlTableName">{{ t.name }}</p>
-        <SQLDataTable
-          :columns="t.columns"
-          :rows="t.rows"
-          :total-rows="t.total_rows"
-          :truncated="t.truncated"
-        />
-      </div>
-
-      <h3 class="title sql-title">期望结果</h3>
-      <template v-if="sqlExpectedQuery">
-        <SQLDataTable
-          :columns="sqlExpectedQuery.columns"
-          :rows="sqlExpectedQuery.rows"
-          :total-rows="sqlExpectedQuery.total_rows"
-          :truncated="sqlExpectedQuery.truncated"
-        />
-        <p v-if="!problem.sqlConfig?.order_sensitive" class="sqlNote">结果顺序不限</p>
+    <SqlProblemData
+      v-if="isSQL && problem.sqlDisplay"
+      :display="problem.sqlDisplay"
+      :order-sensitive="!!problem.sqlConfig?.order_sensitive"
+    >
+      <template #title="{ text }">
+        <h3 class="title sql-title">{{ text }}</h3>
       </template>
-      <div v-for="t in sqlChangedTables" :key="t.name">
-        <p class="sqlTableName">
-          {{ t.dropped ? `${t.name} 表已被删除` : `执行后的 ${t.name} 表` }}
-        </p>
-        <SQLDataTable
-          v-if="!t.dropped"
-          :columns="t.columns"
-          :rows="t.rows"
-          :total-rows="t.total_rows"
-          :truncated="t.truncated"
-        />
-      </div>
-    </template>
+    </SqlProblemData>
 
     <section v-if="problem.hint" class="block">
       <h3 class="title">提示</h3>
@@ -603,16 +569,4 @@ const astRequirements = computed(() => Object.entries(problem.value?.astRequirem
 .sql-title {
   margin-top: 14px;
 }
-
-.sqlTableName {
-  font-weight: 600;
-  margin: 8px 0 4px;
-  font-family: Monaco, Consolas, monospace;
-}
-
-.sqlNote {
-  font-size: 13px;
-  opacity: 0.65;
-  margin: 0 0 8px;
-}
 </style>
diff --git a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/ResultPane.vue b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/ResultPane.vue
index 79bd679..6a060f7 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/ResultPane.vue
+++ b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/ResultPane.vue
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { isSqlProblem } from "@oj2/contract"
 import { storeToRefs } from "pinia"
 import { useProblemStore } from "oj/store/problem"
 import { useSubmissionStore } from "oj/store/submission"
@@ -81,10 +82,7 @@ const codeSegments = computed<{ value: Segment; label: string; time: string }[]>
 const drawing = computed(() => codeStore.code.language === "Flowchart")
 
 // 试跑走判题机，SQL 题不走那里；流程图也没得跑。这两种只留「提交结果」
-const canTrial = computed(() => {
-  const languages = problem.value?.languages ?? []
-  return !languages.includes("SQL")
-})
+const canTrial = computed(() => !problem.value || !isSqlProblem(problem.value))
 
 const segments = computed(() => {
   const list = canTrial.value ? codeSegments.value : codeSegments.value.slice(0, 1)
diff --git a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SQLDataTable.vue b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SQLDataTable.vue
index 5fd45fe..221daed 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SQLDataTable.vue
+++ b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SQLDataTable.vue
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import type { SqlDisplayColumn } from "utils/types"
+import type { TableChanges } from "../utils/sqlChanges"
 
-defineProps<{
+const props = defineProps<{
   columns: SqlDisplayColumn[]
   rows: (string | number | null)[][]
   totalRows?: number
   truncated?: boolean
+  /** 增删改题执行后的表：变了的格子、新插的行标出来 */
+  changes?: TableChanges | null
 }>()
+
+const changed = (i: number, j: number) =>
+  !!props.changes && (props.changes.newRows.has(i) || props.changes.cells.has(`${i}:${j}`))
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -29,7 +35,11 @@ defineProps<{
           <td :colspan="columns.length" class="nullCell">（空表）</td>
         </tr>
         <tr v-for="(row, i) in rows" :key="i">
-          <td v-for="(v, j) in row" :key="j" :class="{ nullCell: v === null }">
+          <td
+            v-for="(v, j) in row"
+            :key="j"
+            :class="{ nullCell: v === null, changed: changed(i, j) }"
+          >
             {{ v === null ? "NULL" : v }}
           </td>
         </tr>
@@ -63,6 +73,18 @@ defineProps<{
   font-weight: normal;
 }
 
+/* 和图例同一个黄：浅底深字，暗色下压暗底、提亮字 */
+.sqlTable :deep(td.changed) {
+  background-color: #fff4d6;
+  color: #7a4b00;
+  font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+html.dark .sqlTable :deep(td.changed) {
+  background-color: rgba(240, 180, 40, 0.18);
+  color: #f5d38a;
+}
+
 .nullCell {
   opacity: 0.45;
   font-style: italic;
diff --git a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SqlProblemData.vue b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SqlProblemData.vue
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6092c74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SqlProblemData.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import type { SqlDisplay } from "utils/types"
+import { tableChanges } from "../utils/sqlChanges"
+import SQLDataTable from "./SQLDataTable.vue"
+
+/**
+ * SQL 题题面里的「数据表」和「期望结果」。题目页和后台出题页的预览共用这一份 ——
+ * 出题页右边就是「学生看到的样子」，两边各写一份迟早对不上。
+ *
+ * 小节标题交给调用方的 `#title` 插槽画：两边的标题样式各在自己的 scoped CSS 里。
+ */
+const props = defineProps<{
+  display: SqlDisplay
+  orderSensitive: boolean
+}>()
+
+defineSlots<{ title(props: { text: string }): any }>()
+
+const expectedQuery = computed(() =>
+  "columns" in props.display.expected ? props.display.expected : null,
+)
+
+/** 增删改题：执行后的每张表配上它比原来变了什么 */
+const changedTables = computed(() => {
+  const expected = props.display.expected
+  if (!("changed_tables" in expected)) return []
+  return expected.changed_tables.map((table) => ({
+    table,
+    changes: tableChanges(
+      props.display.tables.find((t) => t.name === table.name),
+      table,
+    ),
+  }))
+})
+
+const anyChanged = computed(() =>
+  changedTables.value.some(
+    ({ changes }) => changes && (changes.cells.size > 0 || changes.newRows.size > 0),
+  ),
+)
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <slot name="title" text="数据表" />
+  <div v-for="t in display.tables" :key="t.name">
+    <p class="sqlTableName">{{ t.name }}</p>
+    <SQLDataTable
+      :columns="t.columns"
+      :rows="t.rows"
+      :total-rows="t.total_rows"
+      :truncated="t.truncated"
+    />
+  </div>
+
+  <slot name="title" text="期望结果" />
+  <template v-if="expectedQuery">
+    <SQLDataTable
+      :columns="expectedQuery.columns"
+      :rows="expectedQuery.rows"
+      :total-rows="expectedQuery.total_rows"
+      :truncated="expectedQuery.truncated"
+    />
+    <p v-if="!orderSensitive" class="sqlNote">结果顺序不限</p>
+  </template>
+  <div v-for="{ table, changes } in changedTables" :key="table.name">
+    <p class="sqlTableName">
+      {{ table.dropped ? `${table.name} 表已被删除` : `执行后的 ${table.name} 表` }}
+    </p>
+    <template v-if="!table.dropped">
+      <SQLDataTable
+        :columns="table.columns"
+        :rows="table.rows"
+        :total-rows="table.total_rows"
+        :truncated="table.truncated"
+        :changes="changes"
+      />
+      <p v-if="changes?.removed.length" class="sqlNote">
+        删掉了 {{ changes.removed.length }} 行（{{ table.columns[0]?.name }} 是
+        {{ changes.removed.join("、") }}）
+      </p>
+      <p v-else-if="changes && !changes.cells.size && !changes.newRows.size" class="sqlNote">
+        执行后这张表没有变化
+      </p>
+    </template>
+  </div>
+  <p v-if="anyChanged" class="sqlNote legend">
+    <span class="swatch" aria-hidden="true"></span>执行后变了的格子
+  </p>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.sqlTableName {
+  font-weight: 600;
+  margin: 8px 0 4px;
+  font-family: Monaco, Consolas, monospace;
+}
+
+.sqlNote {
+  font-size: 13px;
+  opacity: 0.65;
+  margin: 0 0 8px;
+}
+
+.legend {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+}
+
+.swatch {
+  width: 12px;
+  height: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid #f0d48a;
+  background-color: #fff4d6;
+}
+
+html.dark .swatch {
+  border-color: rgba(240, 180, 40, 0.45);
+  background-color: rgba(240, 180, 40, 0.18);
+}
+</style>
diff --git a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SubmissionResult.vue b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SubmissionResult.vue
index 4071b4e..f4e1fa0 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SubmissionResult.vue
+++ b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/SubmissionResult.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { Icon } from "@iconify/vue"
 import { useThemeVars } from "naive-ui"
-import { HINT_MIN_FAILURES, hintLevelLabel } from "@oj2/contract"
+import { HINT_MIN_FAILURES, hintLevelLabel, isSqlProblem } from "@oj2/contract"
 import type { JudgeCaseResult } from "@oj2/contract"
 import { JUDGE_STATUS, SubmissionStatus } from "utils/constants"
 import {
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ const submissionStore = useSubmissionStore()
 const customRunHint = computed(() => {
   if (!sampleCheck.value?.passed || props.peer) return ""
   const problem = problemStore.problem
-  if (!problem || problem.sqlConfig) return ""
+  if (!problem || isSqlProblem(problem)) return ""
   // 例子里出现过的数不算：例子已经对了，拿它们再试一遍没用
   const inSamples = new Set(
     problem.samples.flatMap(
diff --git a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/WrongAnswerExplain.vue b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/WrongAnswerExplain.vue
index 75070da..95230c2 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/WrongAnswerExplain.vue
+++ b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/components/WrongAnswerExplain.vue
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { isSqlProblem } from "@oj2/contract"
 import { storeToRefs } from "pinia"
 import { useThemeVars } from "naive-ui"
 import { useProblemStore } from "oj/store/problem"
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ const { problem } = storeToRefs(useProblemStore())
  * 例子都对了、错在隐藏测试点 —— 摆「描述」，边界条件多半写在那里。SQL 题两节都不摆
  */
 const requirement = computed(() => {
-  if (!props.full || !problem.value || problem.value.sqlConfig) return null
+  if (!props.full || !problem.value || isSqlProblem(problem.value)) return null
   const source = props.check.passed ? problem.value.description : problem.value.outputDescription
   const text = markdownToText(source ?? "", props.check.passed ? 160 : 120)
   if (!text) return null
diff --git a/apps/web/src/oj/problem/utils/sqlChanges.ts b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/utils/sqlChanges.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45eaaf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/web/src/oj/problem/utils/sqlChanges.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import type { SqlDisplayTable } from "utils/types"
+
+/** 增删改题：执行后的表比原来变了哪些。行号、列号都是执行后那张表里的 */
+export interface TableChanges {
+  /** 变了的格子，`行:列` */
+  cells: Set<string>
+  /** 整行是新插进来的 */
+  newRows: Set<number>
+  /** 删掉的行，记第一列的值（一般是 id） */
+  removed: (string | number)[]
+}
+
+const sameColumns = (a: SqlDisplayTable, b: SqlDisplayTable) =>
+  a.columns.length === b.columns.length && a.columns.every((c, i) => c.name === b.columns[i]!.name)
+
+/** 第一列能当行的身份用：没有空值、不重复 */
+const keyed = (rows: SqlDisplayTable["rows"]) =>
+  rows.every((row) => row[0] !== null && row[0] !== undefined) &&
+  new Set(rows.map((row) => row[0])).size === rows.length
+
+/**
+ * 对比执行前后的同一张表。对不上就返回 null（不标，宁可不标也不标错）：
+ * - 列变了（ALTER TABLE）
+ * - 第一列不能当身份、行数又不一样（删、插都有，没法知道哪行对哪行）
+ *
+ * 第一列能当身份时按它配对 —— 题目里的表几乎都是 id 打头，删掉中间一行，后面的行
+ * 不会因为错位全被标成「变了」。删掉的行只在两边都没截断时才数，截断时看不全
+ */
+export function tableChanges(
+  before: SqlDisplayTable | undefined,
+  after: SqlDisplayTable,
+): TableChanges | null {
+  if (after.dropped) return null
+  const cells = new Set<string>()
+  const newRows = new Set<number>()
+  // 原来没有这张表：标准答案新建的，整张都是新的
+  if (!before) {
+    after.rows.forEach((_, i) => newRows.add(i))
+    return { cells, newRows, removed: [] }
+  }
+  if (!sameColumns(before, after)) return null
+
+  const diffRow = (i: number, row: SqlDisplayTable["rows"][number], old: typeof row) =>
+    row.forEach((value, j) => {
+      if (value !== old[j]) cells.add(`${i}:${j}`)
+    })
+
+  if (keyed(before.rows) && keyed(after.rows)) {
+    const byKey = new Map(before.rows.map((row) => [row[0], row]))
+    after.rows.forEach((row, i) => {
+      const old = byKey.get(row[0])
+      if (old) diffRow(i, row, old)
+      else newRows.add(i)
+    })
+    const kept = new Set(after.rows.map((row) => row[0]))
+    const removed =
+      before.truncated || after.truncated
+        ? []
+        : before.rows.filter((row) => !kept.has(row[0])).map((row) => row[0] as string | number)
+    return { cells, newRows, removed }
+  }
+  if (before.rows.length !== after.rows.length) return null
+  after.rows.forEach((row, i) => diffRow(i, row, before.rows[i]!))
+  return { cells, newRows, removed: [] }
+}
+
+/** 一共动了几行（改过的、新插的、删掉的），出题页的测试数据列表里用 */
+export function changedRowCount(changes: TableChanges) {
+  const touched = new Set([...changes.cells].map((key) => key.split(":")[0]))
+  return touched.size + changes.newRows.size + changes.removed.length
+}
diff --git a/packages/contract/src/language.ts b/packages/contract/src/language.ts
index 2796896..4a18207 100644
--- a/packages/contract/src/language.ts
+++ b/packages/contract/src/language.ts
@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@ export const runnableLanguageSchema = judgeLanguageSchema.extract(["C", "C++", "
  */
 export const lessonLanguageSchema = problemLanguageSchema.extract(["Python", "C", "C++", "SQL"])
 
+/**
+ * SQL 题：可选语言里有 SQL（后端保存时强校验 SQL 只能单独出现）。题型只认这一条，
+ * 前后端一律走它，别再各自看 sqlConfig 或 languages
+ */
+export function isSqlProblem(problem: { languages: readonly string[] }) {
+  return problem.languages.includes("SQL")
+}
+
 export type JudgeLanguage = z.infer<typeof judgeLanguageSchema>
 export type LessonLanguage = z.infer<typeof lessonLanguageSchema>
 export type RunnableLanguage = z.infer<typeof runnableLanguageSchema>